Module 4 Which English
Period 5 Grammar and Usage--Review adverbial and adverbial clauses
Goals
To review adverbial and adverbial clauses.
To discover and learn to use some useful words and expressions
To discover and learn to use some useful structures
Grammar (1) Review of adverbial
Step 1: Uses of adverbial
英语中,修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分叫状语（adverbial)。
状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。
状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。其位置一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中。
1.副词一般在句子中做状语．
He speaks English very well.
He is playing under the tree.中的under the tree
2.不定式在句子中可以作目的状语。
I come specially to see you.
3.介词短语
My parents often tell us about their bitter life in the past.
Ten years ago, she began to live in Dalian.
He lived in Australia.
The boy was praised for his bravery.
4.从句作状语
When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian.
You won’t pass the exam unless you study hard.
If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you.
5.分词作状语
Having had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temper.
Inhibited in one direction, it now seems that the Mississippi is about to take another.
Step 2: Exercises on the students’ books
1. Activity 1
For reference
a: 1,3,5,7; b: 2,6; c: 7; d: 4; e: 8.
2. Activity 2
For reference
1. result adverbial 2. manner adverbial 3. degree adverbial 4.place adverbial.
5. cause adverbial 6. time adverbial 7. frequency adverbial
3. Activity 3
For reference
1. today 2.an area of central England 3. very 4. between north and south 5.of the region
6. During the 13th and 14th centuries 7. because of the new opportunities the city offered
8. often.
Grammar (2) Review of adverbial clause
Step 1: Uses of adverbial clause
状语从句在主从复合句中修饰主句的动词、形容词或副词等，按意义分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、方式、比较等状语从句。
1.时间状语从句
引导时间状语从句的从属连词有after, as, before, once, since, till, until, when, whenever, while, as soon as, no sooner… than…, hardly… when…, scarcely… when… 等，以及名词短语the moment, the instant, every time等。如：
I saw him when/ while he was going out of the room. 在他走出房间时我碰见了他。
Edison’s mother had been a teacher before she got married. 爱迪生的妈妈结婚前是位老师。
Once you get used to it, you’ll like it. 你一旦习惯了它，就会喜欢上它。
I recognized you the moment I saw you.我一看见你就认出了你。
注意：
no sooner… than…, hardly… when…, scarcely… when… 这三个结构意为“一…就…”，相当于as soon as，均可引导时间状语从句，但只能用于过去时，即主谓语用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。No sooner, hardly, scarcely置于句首时，主句要部分倒装。如：
我一到家，天就下起雨来了。 可译为：
As soon as I came home, it began to rain.
I had no sooner come home than it began to rain.
I had hardly /scarcely come home when it began to rain.
No sooner had I come home than it began to rain.
Hardly /scarcely had I come home when it began to rain.
2. 地点状语从句
地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 等引导。如：
He lived where he liked. 他住在他喜欢的地方。
Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者,事竟成。（谚语）
Wherever they went, they were warmly welcomed. 他们所到之处都受到热烈欢迎。
3. 原因状语从句
原因状语从句通常由because, since, as, now that等引导。如：
He didn’t attend the meeting because he had too much work to do.
他因为要干的活太多没来参加会议。
Since he can’t answer the question, you’d better ask someone else.
既然他回答不了这个问题，你最好问别人吧。
As I haven’t seen the film, I can’t tell you what I think of it.
由于我没看过这部电影，所以谈不出对它有什么看法。
Now that you have come, you may stay. 你既然来了，就留下吧。
注意：
for也可表“原因”，语气较弱，有时可与because换用，但它是并列连词，它连接的句子并不总是原因，有时可能对前面的分句提出推断的理由，不能回答why 引导的疑问句，它连接的分句只能后置，且前面有逗号。
The ground is wet, for it rained last night.
地面很湿，因为昨天晚上下雨了。（表原因，可用because代替）
It rained last night, for the ground is wet.
昨天晚上下雨了，因为地面很湿。（提出判断的理由，“地湿”不是“下雨”的原因，不可用because代替）
4. 目的状语从句
目的状语从句常由so that, in order that, so, that, incase（以防、以免），lest（以防），for fear that（以
生词表: