语法一：现在分词做状语
现在分词（动词的ing 形式）做状语时，通常都表示主语正在进行的另一动作，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致，且必须与句子的主语是逻辑上的主谓关系；动词的ing形式表示的动作是次要动作。现在分词可以做时间，条件，结果，让步，方式等状语。相当于相应的状语从句。作时间，原因或条件时，通常位于主句前面，作方式，伴随或结果状语时，通常位于主句后面。如果分词所表示的动作和谓语的动作同时发生或几乎同时发生，用现在分词的一般式。如果分词动作明显在谓语动词之前发生，用现在分词的完成式。（having done）,在作时间状语的分词前，可加连词while, when，介词after, before, on等。
一. 做伴随状语：分词等于and连接两个动词或分句。
1： The dog came in. It followed its master. =The dog came in, following its master.
2：The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily.
3：They stood there for an hour, watching the game.
二.原因状语相当于as, since, because等引起的原因状语从句，常位于句首,句中或句末。
1. He was a brave man. He decided to return to France. = Being a brave man, he decided to return to France.
2：Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.
3：Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.
4：Being so poor in those days, we couldn’t afford to send the boy to hospital.
5．Having worked among the peasants for many years, he knew them very well.
6. Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter.
三.时间状语，相当于when, while ,as 等引导的时间状语从句，常位于句首或句末。
1： First he returned to France. Then he was put into prison. =After he returned to France, he was put into prison. =Having returned to France, he was put into prison.
2： Having arrived at the factory, they immediately set to work. Be careful when crossing the street.
3： Don’t mention this while talking to him.
4： On arriving in London, he managed to get in touch with her.=As soon as he arrived in London.
5: Having read the letter, she got very excited.
四.条件状语，相当于一个if 等引导的条件状语从句，常位于句首。
1： Working hard, you will succeed.
2. If I know anything about it, I will tell you all. =Knowing anything about it, I will tell you all.
3.-I could go and get someone to bring the car.
-No, thanks. I’ll be better if walking
五： 结果状语现在分词表示必然结果，前可加thus,不定式表意外的结果，前可加only。
1：Her husband died in 1942, leaving her with five children.
2：The bus was held up by snowstorm, thus causing the delay.
3： He was caught in the rain, thus making himself catch cold.
六：让步状语：相当于although, though, even if, even though引起的让步状语从句,常位于句首。
1. Although he had bought a lot of books for the exam, he failed in it because of the learning method.
=Buying a lot of books for the exam, he failed in it because of the learning method.
2. Though they knew all this, they made me pay for the damage.
=knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.
七.方式状语分词等于介词with引起的方式状语 或and并列的两个谓语动词.
1.Walking slowly,I approached （靠近）the little = By walking slowly, I approached the little window.
window.
2.He stood leaning against（靠在..上） the wall.=He stood and leaned against the wall.
八：现在分词的完成式指分词所表示的动作发生在主句中谓语动词之前，若分词所表示的动作与主语之间是主谓关系，则用having done, 若是动宾（被动）关系，则用having been done.
1；Having worked in the country for three years, he knew how to grow vegetables.
2: Having been translated into several languages, the book became famous all over the world.
3:Having finished his homework, he went to bed.
4: Having lived in New York for years, I know each part of it very well.
九：现在分词独立成分的特殊使用：generally speaking:一般来讲，frankly speaking : 坦白地说。exactly speaking,严密地讲， 正确地说。 judging from / by…,从….可以判断出来。 considering ….考虑到…
1: Generally speaking, girls are more interested in literature than boys.
2: Judging from her accent, she must come from Arabian countries.
十：现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。
现在分词与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。
(1）现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动关系。
1. He went out shutting the door behind him. 他出去后将门随手关上。
2. Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help. 由于不知如何办是好，他去找父母帮忙。
(2）过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动关系.
1. Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them. 在遇到困难的时候，我们必须设法克服。
2. Given more attention, the trees could have grown
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